TY - JOUR
T1 - Comprehensive characterization of 76 pharmaceuticals and metabolites in wastewater by lc-ms/ms
AU - Gómez-Canela, Cristian
AU - Edo, Sílvia
AU - Rodríguez, Natalia
AU - Gotor, Gemma
AU - Lacorte, Sílvia
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was funded by Universitat Ramon Llull (project 2021-URL-Proj-024; C.G.-C.) and the Spanish Government (PID2020-113371RA-C22; C.G-C and PID2019-105732GB-C21, S.L.).
Funding Information:
Funding: This research was funded by Universitat Ramon Llull (project 2021-URL-Proj-024; C.G.-C.) and the Spanish Government (PID2020-113371RA-C22; C.G-C and PID2019-105732GB-C21, S.L.).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2021/10
Y1 - 2021/10
N2 - Wastewaters are considered one of the main sources of pollution in the aquatic environment as release a large number of contaminants every day. Emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals have special interest due to the high levels of consumption by the global population, their bioactive properties and because actual directives do not include the monitoring of pharmaceuticals. Moreover, it is well-known that pharmaceuticals can be degraded to metabolites or transformation products (TPs), which could be more toxic than the parental compound. In this study, we have developed an analytical method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine 76 highly consumed pharmaceuticals, including metabolites and TPs in wastewater effluents. In the 10 wastewaters analysed, the mean concentrations were in the µg L−1 levels, being mycophenolic acid, levodopa, ibuprofen, 4-aminoantypirine, losartan, amylmetacresol, amoxicillin, fluticasone, tramadol, budesonide, chlorpheniramine and diclofenac the pharmaceuticals with the highest concentrations. This study provides a comprehensive optimization on the MS conditions to determine pharmaceutical compounds and their metabolites and provides a spectral characterization to be used for the identification of these compounds in water.
AB - Wastewaters are considered one of the main sources of pollution in the aquatic environment as release a large number of contaminants every day. Emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals have special interest due to the high levels of consumption by the global population, their bioactive properties and because actual directives do not include the monitoring of pharmaceuticals. Moreover, it is well-known that pharmaceuticals can be degraded to metabolites or transformation products (TPs), which could be more toxic than the parental compound. In this study, we have developed an analytical method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine 76 highly consumed pharmaceuticals, including metabolites and TPs in wastewater effluents. In the 10 wastewaters analysed, the mean concentrations were in the µg L−1 levels, being mycophenolic acid, levodopa, ibuprofen, 4-aminoantypirine, losartan, amylmetacresol, amoxicillin, fluticasone, tramadol, budesonide, chlorpheniramine and diclofenac the pharmaceuticals with the highest concentrations. This study provides a comprehensive optimization on the MS conditions to determine pharmaceutical compounds and their metabolites and provides a spectral characterization to be used for the identification of these compounds in water.
KW - LC-MS/MS
KW - Metabolites
KW - Pharmaceuticals
KW - Wastewater
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85116330339&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/chemosensors9100273
DO - 10.3390/chemosensors9100273
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85116330339
SN - 2227-9040
VL - 9
JO - Chemosensors
JF - Chemosensors
IS - 10
M1 - 273
ER -