TY - JOUR
T1 - Sustainable synthesis of omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters from monkfish liver oil
AU - Aguilera-Oviedo, Johanna
AU - Yara-Varón, Edinson
AU - Balcells, Mercè
AU - Torres, Mercè
AU - Canela-Garayoa, Ramon
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgments: This work was supported in part by the Spanish government through the Interreg POCTEFA program (EFA253/16 BIOPLAST) and the PhD student aid program “Jade Plus” financed by Banco Santander of which Johanna Aguilera Oviedo is a beneficiary. The authors would like to thank the Vice-rector of Research of the University of Lleida for the scholarship granted to Johanna Aguilera Oviedo. The authors would also like to thank Congelados y Especialidades Barrufet SL for supplying the monkfish livers.
Funding Information:
Funding: This research was funded by Interreg POCTEFA program (EFA253/16 BIOPLAST) and the PhD student aid program “Jade Plus” financed by Banco Santander of which Johanna Aguilera Oviedo is a beneficiary.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Li-censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2021/1
Y1 - 2021/1
N2 - The search for economic and sustainable sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) within the framework of the circular economy is encouraged by their proven beneficial effects on health. The extraction of monkfish liver oil (MLO) for the synthesis of omega-3 ethyl esters was performed to evaluate two blending systems and four green solvents in this work. Moreover, the potential solubility of the MLO in green solvents was studied using the predictive simulation software COnductor-like Screening MOdel for Realistic Solvents (COSMO-RS). The production of ethyl esters was performed by one or two-step reactions. Novozym 435, two resting cells (Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus oryzae) obtained in our laboratory and a mix of them were used as biocatalysts in a solvent-free system. The yields for Novozym 435, R. oryzae and A. flavus in the one-step esterification were 63, 61 and 46%, respectively. The hydrolysis step in the two-step reaction led to 83, 88 and 93% of free fatty acids (FFA) for Novozym 435, R. oryzae and A. flavus, respectively. However, Novozym 435 showed the highest yield in the esterification step (85%), followed by R. oryzae (65%) and A. flavus (41%). Moreover, selectivity of polyunsaturated fatty acids of R. oryzae lipase was evidenced as it slightly esterified docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in all the esterification reactions tested.
AB - The search for economic and sustainable sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) within the framework of the circular economy is encouraged by their proven beneficial effects on health. The extraction of monkfish liver oil (MLO) for the synthesis of omega-3 ethyl esters was performed to evaluate two blending systems and four green solvents in this work. Moreover, the potential solubility of the MLO in green solvents was studied using the predictive simulation software COnductor-like Screening MOdel for Realistic Solvents (COSMO-RS). The production of ethyl esters was performed by one or two-step reactions. Novozym 435, two resting cells (Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus oryzae) obtained in our laboratory and a mix of them were used as biocatalysts in a solvent-free system. The yields for Novozym 435, R. oryzae and A. flavus in the one-step esterification were 63, 61 and 46%, respectively. The hydrolysis step in the two-step reaction led to 83, 88 and 93% of free fatty acids (FFA) for Novozym 435, R. oryzae and A. flavus, respectively. However, Novozym 435 showed the highest yield in the esterification step (85%), followed by R. oryzae (65%) and A. flavus (41%). Moreover, selectivity of polyunsaturated fatty acids of R. oryzae lipase was evidenced as it slightly esterified docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in all the esterification reactions tested.
KW - COSMO-RS
KW - Fungal resting cells
KW - Monkfish liver oil
KW - Omega-3 ethyl esters
KW - Selectivity
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85099388306&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/catal11010100
DO - 10.3390/catal11010100
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85099388306
SN - 2073-4344
VL - 11
SP - 1
EP - 19
JO - Catalysts
JF - Catalysts
IS - 1
M1 - 100
ER -
