@article{5a6d71102907464381b50627499e1a61,
title = "Vertical and oblique HF sounding with a network of synchronised ionosondes",
abstract = "A network of ionosondes in Europe has been established to monitor travelling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) by simultaneously making vertical and oblique incidence HF sounding measurements. This network is the outcome of the Net-TIDE project, a collaboration between European Digisonde operators that have synchronised the sounding schedules of the Digisondes in order to record vertical and oblique ionogram traces simultaneously, and have added Digisonde-to-Digisonde (D2D) fixed frequency oblique-incidence measurements to the measurement schedule. The distances between the observatories involved in the project range from 500 km to over 2000 km. The technical feasibility of this network approach is explored. The challenge for the fixed-frequency D2D skymap measurements is the automatic selection of the sounding frequencies depending on the geometry of the sounding paths, the diurnal and seasonal ionospheric changes, and space weather induced events.",
keywords = "Digisonde, Oblique sounding, Travelling ionospheric disturbances",
author = "Tobias Verhulst and David Altadill and Jens Mielich and Bodo Reinisch and Ivan Galkin and Angelos Mouzakis and Anna Belehaki and Dalia Bure{\v s}ov{\'a} and Stanimir Stankov and Estefania Blanch and Daniel Kouba",
note = "Funding Information: This work is supported by the NATO Science for Peace and Security project #984894. T. Verhulst and S. Stankov are supported by the Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) via the Belgian Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence (STCE). B. Reinisch, I. Galkin, and V. Paznukhov were in part supported by AFRL{\textquoteright}s SBIR project #FA9453-14-C-0305, and by subcontract from SwRI under project FA8650-16-C-9104. D. Altadill and E. Blanch are supported by Universitat Ramon Llull projects 2016-URL-Trac-001 and 2016-URL-Internac-027 supported by “ Obra Social la Caixa ”, and 2016-URL-IR-001 supported by “ Generalitat de Catalunya ”, D. Bure{\v s}ov{\'a} is supported by the Czech Science Foundation via Grant 15-07281J . We acknowledge access to the Global Ionospheric Radio Observatory (GIRO) databases at the Lowell GIRO Data Center (LGDC), http://giro.uml.edu/ . Funding Information: This work is supported by the NATO Science for Peace and Security project #984894. T. Verhulst and S. Stankov are supported by the Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) via the Belgian Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence (STCE). B. Reinisch, I. Galkin, and V. Paznukhov were in part supported by AFRL's SBIR project #FA9453-14-C-0305, and by subcontract from SwRI under project FA8650-16-C-9104. D. Altadill and E. Blanch are supported by Universitat Ramon Llull projects 2016-URL-Trac-001 and 2016-URL-Internac-027 supported by “Obra Social la Caixa”, and 2016-URL-IR-001 supported by “Generalitat de Catalunya”, D. Bure{\v s}ov{\'a} is supported by the Czech Science Foundation via Grant 15-07281J. We acknowledge access to the Global Ionospheric Radio Observatory (GIRO) databases at the Lowell GIRO Data Center (LGDC), http://giro.uml.edu/. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2017 COSPAR",
year = "2017",
month = oct,
day = "15",
doi = "10.1016/j.asr.2017.06.033",
language = "English",
volume = "60",
pages = "1644--1656",
journal = "Advances in Space Research",
issn = "0273-1177",
publisher = "Elsevier Ltd.",
number = "8",
}