Motivation in the exercise setting: Integrating constructs from the approach-avoidance achievement goal framework and self-determination theory

Objective: The purpose of this study was to integrate the approach-avoidance model of achievement goals with self-determination theory in the context of structured exercise. More specifically, we analysed how perceived motivational climate, implicit ability beliefs, perceived competence, and achievement goals contributed to exercisers' self-determined motivation. Design: A cross-sectional design using questionnaires was adopted. Method: The sample consisted of exercisers (N= 727; 402 males and 325 females) aged between 16 and 78 years (M = 32.57, .L SD= 11.39) attending different sports centres. Examples of exercise activities undertaken included weightlifting, aerobics, Pilates, keep-fit for adults, indoor cycling, and fitness. Results: Structural equation modelling showed that a perceived mastery climate positively predicted incremental beliefs and perceived competence, whereas a perceived performance climate positively predicted entity beliefs. Incremental beliefs underpinned mastery-approach goals, performance-approach goals and performance-avoidance goals, whilst entity beliefs underpinned both performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals. Perceived competence positively predicted approach goals. Self-determined motivation was predicted positively by mastery-approach goals but negatively by both performance goals. The model was invariant across gender and age. Conclusions: The present study provides initial support for the integration of the approach-avoidance goal framework and self-determination theory in the exercise domain.