Dietary vitamin D intake and 2-year changes in cognitive function in older adults with overweight or obesity and metabolic syndrome

Héctor Vázquez-Lorente; Jiaqi Ni; Indira Paz-Graniel; Estefanía Toledo; Dolores Corella; Olga Castañer; J. Alfredo Martínez; Ángel M. Alonso-Gómez; Julia Wärnberg; Jesús Vioque; Dora Romaguera; José López-Miranda; Ramon Estruch; Francisco J. Tinahones; José Lapetra; Lluís Serra-Majem; Amira Bouzalmate-Hajjaj; Josep A. Tur; Rafael M.Micó Pérez; Marta Fanlo; Miguel Delgado-Rodríguez; Ana Barabash Bustelo; Josep Vidal; Clotilde Vázquez; Lidia Daimiel; Emili Ros; Fernando Fernández-Aranda; Teresa Rognoni; Nancy Babio; Eva M. Asensio; Karla Alejandra Pérez-Vega; Antonio Garcia-Rios; Laura Compañ-Gabucio; Raquel Cueto-Galán; M. Angeles Zulet; Mar Nafria; Rosa Casas; Naomi Cano-Ibáñez; Luis Tojal-Sierra; Ana María Gómez-Pérez; Nuria Goñi; José V. Sorli; María Dolores Zomeño; Antonio P. Arenas-Larriva; Pedro Jiménez-Sellés; Javier Basterra-Gortari; Montserrat Fitó; Jordi Salas-Salvadó

doi:10.1007/s11357-025-01670-1

Dietary vitamin D intake and 2-year changes in cognitive function in older adults with overweight or obesity and metabolic syndrome

Héctor Vázquez-Lorente^*
, Jiaqi Ni
, Indira Paz-Graniel^*
, Estefanía Toledo
, Dolores Corella
, Olga Castañer
, J. Alfredo Martínez
, Ángel M. Alonso-Gómez
, Julia Wärnberg
, Jesús Vioque
, Dora Romaguera
, José López-Miranda
, Ramon Estruch
, Francisco J. Tinahones
, José Lapetra
, Lluís Serra-Majem
, Amira Bouzalmate-Hajjaj
, Josep A. Tur
, Rafael M.Micó Pérez
, Marta Fanlo

Miguel Delgado-Rodríguez, Ana Barabash Bustelo, Josep Vidal, Clotilde Vázquez, Lidia Daimiel, Emili Ros, Fernando Fernández-Aranda, Teresa Rognoni, Nancy Babio, Eva M. Asensio, Karla Alejandra Pérez-Vega, Antonio Garcia-Rios, Laura Compañ-Gabucio, Raquel Cueto-Galán, M. Angeles Zulet, Mar Nafria, Rosa Casas, Naomi Cano-Ibáñez, Luis Tojal-Sierra, Ana María Gómez-Pérez, Nuria Goñi, José V. Sorli, María Dolores Zomeño, Antonio P. Arenas-Larriva, Pedro Jiménez-Sellés, Javier Basterra-Gortari, Montserrat Fitó, Jordi Salas-Salvadó

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Indexed journal article › Article › peer-review

4 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The protective role of dietary vitamin D intake on cognitive function is of interest, but evidence remains inconsistent. We aimed to evaluate the association between dietary vitamin D intake and 2-year cognitive changes in older adults at risk of cognitive decline. This longitudinal study comprised 5454 individuals (aged 55–75 years in men and 60–75 years in women) who exhibited overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome. Data on dietary vitamin D intake was assessed using a validated 143-item food frequency questionnaire. Cognitive function was assessed through five composite scores derived from a comprehensive battery of eight neuropsychological tests, encompassing global cognitive function, general cognitive function, attention, executive function, and language domains. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression models were fitted to examine the association between energy-adjusted cumulative average dietary vitamin D intake over time and 2-year changes in cognitive function. After adjusting for multiple covariates, energy-adjusted cumulative average dietary vitamin D intake as a continuous variable was associated with greater 2-year improvements in global cognitive function (β 1.18 × 10⁻²; 95% CI 0.19 × 10⁻² to 2.17 × 10⁻²), executive function (β 1.12 × 10⁻²; 95% CI 0.03 × 10⁻² to 2.21 × 10⁻²), and language (β 1.61 × 10⁻²; 95% CI 0.43 × 10⁻² to 2.78 × 10⁻²). Additionally, the higher cumulative average dietary vitamin D intake quartile was associated with an increase in global cognitive function (β 7.10 × 10⁻²; 95% CI 0.59 × 10⁻² to 13.6 × 10⁻²), language (β 7.07 × 10⁻²; 95% CI − 0.52 × 10⁻² to 14.7 × 10⁻²), and a lower decline in attention (β 9.58 × 10⁻²; 95% CI 1.60 × 10⁻² to 17.5 × 10⁻²). A higher dietary vitamin D intake was associated with modest favorable changes in cognitive function and a reduced cognitive decline over a 2-year period. These findings highlight the need for further research to explore the potential benefits of boosting dietary vitamin D intake for cognitive health in older adults.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	6139-6156
Number of pages	18
Journal	GeroScience
Volume	47
Issue number	5
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-025-01670-1
Publication status	Published - Oct 2025
Externally published	Yes

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being

Keywords

Aging
Cognition
Cognitive decline
Cognitive function
Older people
Vitamin D

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10.1007/s11357-025-01670-1

Cite this

Vázquez-Lorente, H., Ni, J., Paz-Graniel, I., Toledo, E., Corella, D., Castañer, O., Martínez, J. A., Alonso-Gómez, Á. M., Wärnberg, J., Vioque, J., Romaguera, D., López-Miranda, J., Estruch, R., Tinahones, F. J., Lapetra, J., Serra-Majem, L., Bouzalmate-Hajjaj, A., Tur, J. A., Pérez, R. M. M., ... Salas-Salvadó, J. (2025). Dietary vitamin D intake and 2-year changes in cognitive function in older adults with overweight or obesity and metabolic syndrome. GeroScience, 47(5), 6139-6156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-025-01670-1

@article{4f7e147c2a024569b13b42bee12893d0,

title = "Dietary vitamin D intake and 2-year changes in cognitive function in older adults with overweight or obesity and metabolic syndrome",

abstract = "The protective role of dietary vitamin D intake on cognitive function is of interest, but evidence remains inconsistent. We aimed to evaluate the association between dietary vitamin D intake and 2-year cognitive changes in older adults at risk of cognitive decline. This longitudinal study comprised 5454 individuals (aged 55–75 years in men and 60–75 years in women) who exhibited overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome. Data on dietary vitamin D intake was assessed using a validated 143-item food frequency questionnaire. Cognitive function was assessed through five composite scores derived from a comprehensive battery of eight neuropsychological tests, encompassing global cognitive function, general cognitive function, attention, executive function, and language domains. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression models were fitted to examine the association between energy-adjusted cumulative average dietary vitamin D intake over time and 2-year changes in cognitive function. After adjusting for multiple covariates, energy-adjusted cumulative average dietary vitamin D intake as a continuous variable was associated with greater 2-year improvements in global cognitive function (β 1.18 × 10−2; 95\% CI 0.19 × 10−2 to 2.17 × 10−2), executive function (β 1.12 × 10−2; 95\% CI 0.03 × 10−2 to 2.21 × 10−2), and language (β 1.61 × 10−2; 95\% CI 0.43 × 10−2 to 2.78 × 10−2). Additionally, the higher cumulative average dietary vitamin D intake quartile was associated with an increase in global cognitive function (β 7.10 × 10−2; 95\% CI 0.59 × 10−2 to 13.6 × 10−2), language (β 7.07 × 10−2; 95\% CI − 0.52 × 10−2 to 14.7 × 10−2), and a lower decline in attention (β 9.58 × 10−2; 95\% CI 1.60 × 10−2 to 17.5 × 10−2). A higher dietary vitamin D intake was associated with modest favorable changes in cognitive function and a reduced cognitive decline over a 2-year period. These findings highlight the need for further research to explore the potential benefits of boosting dietary vitamin D intake for cognitive health in older adults.",

keywords = "Aging, Cognition, Cognitive decline, Cognitive function, Older people, Vitamin D",

author = "H{\'e}ctor V{\'a}zquez-Lorente and Jiaqi Ni and Indira Paz-Graniel and Estefan{\'i}a Toledo and Dolores Corella and Olga Casta{\~n}er and Mart{\'i}nez, \{J. Alfredo\} and Alonso-G{\'o}mez, \{{\'A}ngel M.\} and Julia W{\"a}rnberg and Jes{\'u}s Vioque and Dora Romaguera and Jos{\'e} L{\'o}pez-Miranda and Ramon Estruch and Tinahones, \{Francisco J.\} and Jos{\'e} Lapetra and Llu{\'i}s Serra-Majem and Amira Bouzalmate-Hajjaj and Tur, \{Josep A.\} and P{\'e}rez, \{Rafael M.Mic{\'o}\} and Marta Fanlo and Miguel Delgado-Rodr{\'i}guez and Bustelo, \{Ana Barabash\} and Josep Vidal and Clotilde V{\'a}zquez and Lidia Daimiel and Emili Ros and Fernando Fern{\'a}ndez-Aranda and Teresa Rognoni and Nancy Babio and Asensio, \{Eva M.\} and P{\'e}rez-Vega, \{Karla Alejandra\} and Antonio Garcia-Rios and Laura Compa{\~n}-Gabucio and Raquel Cueto-Gal{\'a}n and Zulet, \{M. Angeles\} and Mar Nafria and Rosa Casas and Naomi Cano-Ib{\'a}{\~n}ez and Luis Tojal-Sierra and G{\'o}mez-P{\'e}rez, \{Ana Mar{\'i}a\} and Nuria Go{\~n}i and Sorli, \{Jos{\'e} V.\} and Zome{\~n}o, \{Mar{\'i}a Dolores\} and Arenas-Larriva, \{Antonio P.\} and Pedro Jim{\'e}nez-Sell{\'e}s and Javier Basterra-Gortari and Montserrat Fit{\'o} and Jordi Salas-Salvad{\'o}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2025.",

year = "2025",

month = oct,

doi = "10.1007/s11357-025-01670-1",

language = "English",

volume = "47",

pages = "6139--6156",

journal = "GeroScience",

issn = "2509-2715",

publisher = "Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH",

number = "5",

}

Vázquez-Lorente, H, Ni, J, Paz-Graniel, I, Toledo, E, Corella, D, Castañer, O, Martínez, JA, Alonso-Gómez, ÁM, Wärnberg, J, Vioque, J, Romaguera, D, López-Miranda, J, Estruch, R, Tinahones, FJ, Lapetra, J, Serra-Majem, L, Bouzalmate-Hajjaj, A, Tur, JA, Pérez, RMM, Fanlo, M, Delgado-Rodríguez, M, Bustelo, AB, Vidal, J, Vázquez, C, Daimiel, L, Ros, E, Fernández-Aranda, F, Rognoni, T, Babio, N, Asensio, EM, Pérez-Vega, KA, Garcia-Rios, A, Compañ-Gabucio, L, Cueto-Galán, R, Zulet, MA, Nafria, M, Casas, R, Cano-Ibáñez, N, Tojal-Sierra, L, Gómez-Pérez, AM, Goñi, N, Sorli, JV, Zomeño, MD, Arenas-Larriva, AP, Jiménez-Sellés, P, Basterra-Gortari, J, Fitó, M & Salas-Salvadó, J 2025, 'Dietary vitamin D intake and 2-year changes in cognitive function in older adults with overweight or obesity and metabolic syndrome', GeroScience, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 6139-6156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-025-01670-1

TY - JOUR

T1 - Dietary vitamin D intake and 2-year changes in cognitive function in older adults with overweight or obesity and metabolic syndrome

AU - Vázquez-Lorente, Héctor

AU - Ni, Jiaqi

AU - Paz-Graniel, Indira

AU - Toledo, Estefanía

AU - Corella, Dolores

AU - Castañer, Olga

AU - Martínez, J. Alfredo

AU - Alonso-Gómez, Ángel M.

AU - Wärnberg, Julia

AU - Vioque, Jesús

AU - Romaguera, Dora

AU - López-Miranda, José

AU - Estruch, Ramon

AU - Tinahones, Francisco J.

AU - Lapetra, José

AU - Serra-Majem, Lluís

AU - Bouzalmate-Hajjaj, Amira

AU - Tur, Josep A.

AU - Pérez, Rafael M.Micó

AU - Fanlo, Marta

AU - Delgado-Rodríguez, Miguel

AU - Bustelo, Ana Barabash

AU - Vidal, Josep

AU - Vázquez, Clotilde

AU - Daimiel, Lidia

AU - Ros, Emili

AU - Fernández-Aranda, Fernando

AU - Rognoni, Teresa

AU - Babio, Nancy

AU - Asensio, Eva M.

AU - Pérez-Vega, Karla Alejandra

AU - Garcia-Rios, Antonio

AU - Compañ-Gabucio, Laura

AU - Cueto-Galán, Raquel

AU - Zulet, M. Angeles

AU - Nafria, Mar

AU - Casas, Rosa

AU - Cano-Ibáñez, Naomi

AU - Tojal-Sierra, Luis

AU - Gómez-Pérez, Ana María

AU - Goñi, Nuria

AU - Sorli, José V.

AU - Zomeño, María Dolores

AU - Arenas-Larriva, Antonio P.

AU - Jiménez-Sellés, Pedro

AU - Basterra-Gortari, Javier

AU - Fitó, Montserrat

AU - Salas-Salvadó, Jordi

PY - 2025/10

Y1 - 2025/10

N2 - The protective role of dietary vitamin D intake on cognitive function is of interest, but evidence remains inconsistent. We aimed to evaluate the association between dietary vitamin D intake and 2-year cognitive changes in older adults at risk of cognitive decline. This longitudinal study comprised 5454 individuals (aged 55–75 years in men and 60–75 years in women) who exhibited overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome. Data on dietary vitamin D intake was assessed using a validated 143-item food frequency questionnaire. Cognitive function was assessed through five composite scores derived from a comprehensive battery of eight neuropsychological tests, encompassing global cognitive function, general cognitive function, attention, executive function, and language domains. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression models were fitted to examine the association between energy-adjusted cumulative average dietary vitamin D intake over time and 2-year changes in cognitive function. After adjusting for multiple covariates, energy-adjusted cumulative average dietary vitamin D intake as a continuous variable was associated with greater 2-year improvements in global cognitive function (β 1.18 × 10−2; 95% CI 0.19 × 10−2 to 2.17 × 10−2), executive function (β 1.12 × 10−2; 95% CI 0.03 × 10−2 to 2.21 × 10−2), and language (β 1.61 × 10−2; 95% CI 0.43 × 10−2 to 2.78 × 10−2). Additionally, the higher cumulative average dietary vitamin D intake quartile was associated with an increase in global cognitive function (β 7.10 × 10−2; 95% CI 0.59 × 10−2 to 13.6 × 10−2), language (β 7.07 × 10−2; 95% CI − 0.52 × 10−2 to 14.7 × 10−2), and a lower decline in attention (β 9.58 × 10−2; 95% CI 1.60 × 10−2 to 17.5 × 10−2). A higher dietary vitamin D intake was associated with modest favorable changes in cognitive function and a reduced cognitive decline over a 2-year period. These findings highlight the need for further research to explore the potential benefits of boosting dietary vitamin D intake for cognitive health in older adults.

AB - The protective role of dietary vitamin D intake on cognitive function is of interest, but evidence remains inconsistent. We aimed to evaluate the association between dietary vitamin D intake and 2-year cognitive changes in older adults at risk of cognitive decline. This longitudinal study comprised 5454 individuals (aged 55–75 years in men and 60–75 years in women) who exhibited overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome. Data on dietary vitamin D intake was assessed using a validated 143-item food frequency questionnaire. Cognitive function was assessed through five composite scores derived from a comprehensive battery of eight neuropsychological tests, encompassing global cognitive function, general cognitive function, attention, executive function, and language domains. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression models were fitted to examine the association between energy-adjusted cumulative average dietary vitamin D intake over time and 2-year changes in cognitive function. After adjusting for multiple covariates, energy-adjusted cumulative average dietary vitamin D intake as a continuous variable was associated with greater 2-year improvements in global cognitive function (β 1.18 × 10−2; 95% CI 0.19 × 10−2 to 2.17 × 10−2), executive function (β 1.12 × 10−2; 95% CI 0.03 × 10−2 to 2.21 × 10−2), and language (β 1.61 × 10−2; 95% CI 0.43 × 10−2 to 2.78 × 10−2). Additionally, the higher cumulative average dietary vitamin D intake quartile was associated with an increase in global cognitive function (β 7.10 × 10−2; 95% CI 0.59 × 10−2 to 13.6 × 10−2), language (β 7.07 × 10−2; 95% CI − 0.52 × 10−2 to 14.7 × 10−2), and a lower decline in attention (β 9.58 × 10−2; 95% CI 1.60 × 10−2 to 17.5 × 10−2). A higher dietary vitamin D intake was associated with modest favorable changes in cognitive function and a reduced cognitive decline over a 2-year period. These findings highlight the need for further research to explore the potential benefits of boosting dietary vitamin D intake for cognitive health in older adults.

KW - Aging

KW - Cognition

KW - Cognitive decline

KW - Cognitive function

KW - Older people

KW - Vitamin D

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105004347258

UR - https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/full-record/WOS:001481316000001

U2 - 10.1007/s11357-025-01670-1

DO - 10.1007/s11357-025-01670-1

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:105004347258

SN - 2509-2715

VL - 47

SP - 6139

EP - 6156

JO - GeroScience

JF - GeroScience

IS - 5

ER -

Dietary vitamin D intake and 2-year changes in cognitive function in older adults with overweight or obesity and metabolic syndrome

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Keywords

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