Citrus intake and risk of skin cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort (EPIC)

Yahya Mahamat-Saleh, Iris Cervenka, Marie Al-Rahmoun, Francesca R. Mancini, Gianluca Severi, Reza Ghiasvand, Marit B. Veierod, Saverio Caini, Domenico Palli, Edoardo Botteri, Carlotta Sacerdote, Fulvio Ricceri, Antonia Trichopoulou, Eleni Peppa, Carlo La Vecchia, Kim Overvad, Christina C. Dahm, Anja Olsen, Anne Tjønneland, Aurora Perez-CornagoPaula Jakszyn, Sara Grioni, Matthias B. Schulze, Guri Skeie, Cristina Lasheras, Sandra Colorado-Yohar, Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco, Tilman Kühn, Verena A. Katzke, Pilar Amiano, Rosario Tumino, Salvatore Panico, Ana Ezponda, Emily Sonestedt, Augustin Scalbert, Elisabete Weiderpass, Marie Christine Boutron-Ruault, Marina Kvaskoff

Research output: Indexed journal article Articlepeer-review

15 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Citrus intake has been suggested to increase the risk of skin cancer. Although this relation is highly plausible biologically, epidemiologic evidence is lacking. We aimed to examine the potential association between citrus intake and skin cancer risk. EPIC is an ongoing multi-center prospective cohort initiated in 1992 and involving ~ 520,000 participants who have been followed-up in 23 centers from 10 European countries. Dietary data were collected at baseline using validated country-specific dietary questionnaires. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to compute hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). During a mean follow-up of 13.7 years, 8448 skin cancer cases were identified among 270,112 participants. We observed a positive linear dose–response relationship between total citrus intake and skin cancer risk (HR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.03–1.18 in the highest vs. lowest quartile; Ptrend = 0.001), particularly with basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (HR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.02–1.20, Ptrend = 0.007) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (HR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.04–1.47, Ptrend = 0.01). Citrus fruit intake was positively associated with skin cancer risk (HR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.01–1.16, Ptrend = 0.01), particularly with melanoma (HR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.02–1.48; Ptrend = 0.01), although with no heterogeneity across skin cancer types (Phomogeneity = 0.21). Citrus juice was positively associated with skin cancer risk (Ptrend = 0.004), particularly with BCC (Ptrend = 0.008) and SCC (Ptrend = 0.004), but not with melanoma (Phomogeneity = 0.02). Our study suggests moderate positive linear dose–response relationships between citrus intake and skin cancer risk. Studies with available biomarker data and the ability to examine sun exposure behaviors are warranted to clarify these associations and examine the phototoxicity mechanisms of furocoumarin-rich foods.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)1057-1067
Number of pages11
JournalEuropean Journal of Epidemiology
Volume35
Issue number11
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Nov 2020

Keywords

  • Citrus
  • Cohort studies
  • Cutaneous melanoma
  • Epidemiology
  • Keratinocyte cancers

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