Versatile, elastomeric and degradable polyHIPEs of poly(glycerol sebacate)-methacrylate and their application in vascular graft tissue-engineering

Polymer scaffolds are an important enabling technology in tissue engineering. A wide range of manufacturing techniques have been developed to produce these scaffolds, including porogen leaching, phase separation, gas foaming, electrospinning and 3D printing. However, all of these techniques have limitations. Delivering suitable scaffold porosity, small feature sizes and macroscopic geometry remain challenging. Here, we present the development of a highly versatile scaffold fabrication method utilising emulsion templating to produce polymerised high internal phase emulsions (polyHIPEs) of the polymer poly(glycerol sebacate) methacrylate (PGS-M). PGS-M is biocompatible, degradable and highly elastic, with tunable mechanical properties. PGS-M was formulated into an emulsion using solvents and surfactants and then photocured into polyHIPE structures. The porosity, degradation behaviour, mechanical properties and biocompatibility of the PGS-M polyHIPEs was investigated. The versatility of the PGS-M polyHIPEs was demonstrated with the production of various complex tubular scaffold shapes, using injection moulding. These shapes were designed for applications in vascular graft tissue engineering and included straight tubes, bends, branches, functioning valves, and a representative aortic arch. The PGS-M polyHIPE scaffolds supported vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in 3D cell culture in a bioreactor.