The Evolving Landscape of NMR Structural Elucidation

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has long been a cornerstone in the structural elucidation of molecules, offering unique insights into atomic-level connectivity, conformation, and dynamics. Over the past decades, methodological and technological advances have significantly expanded its capabilities and applications. This manuscript charts the evolution of NMR from classical 1D/2D experiments to modern methods empowered by ultrahigh magnetic fields, cryogenic probes, non-uniform sampling, new methodologies, and hyperpolarization. We emphasize the growing synergy between experiment and computation, where automated analysis, quantum chemical calculations, and machine learning are dramatically enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of structure determination. We also highlight NMR’s broadening scope in areas ranging from complex mixtures and natural products to biomolecular and materials science.