The architecture of city identities: A multimodal study of Barcelona and Boston

City identity is a distinct form of collective identity based on the perceived uniqueness and meanings of place, rather than group category and membership. A city's identity is constructed over time through architecture, which involves three sign systems - material, visual, and rhetorical - and multiple institutional actors to communicate the city's distinctiveness and identity. We compare Barcelona and Boston to examine the identity and meaning created and communicated by different groups of professionals, such as architects, city planners, international guide book writers, and local cultural critics, who perform the semiotic work of constructing city identity.