Spain

In this chapter, we first draw on the current Spanish normative framework policies on supervision and subsequent regulations that account for different aspects of co-supervision, emphasising the specific criteria necessary to become a supervi-sory team member. Next, we investigate co-supervision practices in institutions and doctoral programmes to map the situation of these practices, which remain relatively unexplored in Spain. Finally, we conclude the chapter by reflecting on the ongoing discussions and prospects concerning co-supervision in Spanish doctoral educa-tion. Contrary to what the “one supervisor by default” normative framework would suggest, the situation of doctoral co-supervision in Spain is multi-layered, diverse and complex. Co-supervision practices are well established for STEM disciplines and are increasing for other fields of knowledge, mainly the social sciences. Such de facto well-established co-supervision practices also encompass complexities regarding good practice, detection of power abuse and development of supervisory skills. Moreover, the workload acknowledgement, the need for training and mentoring and co-supervisory agreements are issues challenging co-supervisory practices across practices and disciplines. Finally, there is a clear need for research-based evidence to inform practices and regulation development in the next future.