Conceptual model for extending electric vehicle battery lifetime

To maximise the resource efficiency of electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), their lifetimes can be extended through cascading second- and third-life applications. Using expert input, this study establishes a conceptual model for understanding these applications’ state of health (SOH) thresholds and user requirements. Using a qualitative methodology, including focus group discussions with multistakeholder experts and policy analysis of the European battery regulatory landscape, we propose extending LIB use. Our model outlines potential second- and third-life applications aiming to maximise battery value retention. The findings highlight gaps in current European Union regulations that inadequately support battery-repurposing strategies. The conceptual model with an SOH threshold and key performance indicators serves as a foundation for researchers and industries to explore cascading battery applications, foster long-term resource efficiency and contribute to the circular economy by extending LIB lifespans through repurposing initiatives.