A reconsideration of open innovation after 20 years

Open Innovation (OI) has evolved since its introduction 20 years ago. The meaning of the concept, the evidence supporting its relevance and validity, and the scope of its application have all grown during that time. This chapter examines the development of Open Innovation, its roots, its scope, its empirical validation, and shows its utility in understanding innovation processes. However, there are important differences that have resulted in the past 20 years. Limitations to the concept's effectiveness in theory and failure cases in practice are emerging, and are discussed in this chapter. Institutional structures supporting Open Innovation have also appeared, helping to carry new research forward.